John D. Cook • 1/1/2026

Perfect and imperfect shuffles

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This article delves into the mathematics of card shuffling, comparing random 'rifle shuffles' (which require ~7 shuffles to randomize a 52-card deck) with deterministic 'perfect shuffles'. It explains the conditions for a deck to return to its original order after repeated perfect shuffles and provides Python code to simulate and analyze the process.

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#algorithms #permutations #Probability
Perfect and imperfect shuffles

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